Overview

Stenella coeruleoalba – (Meyen, 1833)

ANIMALIA – CHORDATA – MAMMALIA – ARTIODACTYLA – DELPHINIDAE – Stenella – coeruleoalba 

Common Names: Striped Dolphin, Blue-white Dolphin, Euphrosyne Dolphin, Gray’s Dolphin, Gray’s Porpoise, Long-snouted Dolphin, Streaker, Streaker Porpoise, White-belly Porpoise (English), Streepdolfyn (Afrikaans), Blau-weisser Delfin (German), Cizgili Vunus (Turkish), Dauphin bleu et blanc, Dauphin rayé (French), Delfín blanco y azul, Delfín listado (Spanish; Castilian), Golfinho riscado (Portuguese), Navadni progasti delfin (Slovenian), Prugasti dupin (Croatian), Stenella striata (Italian), Ζωνοδέλφινο (Zónodelfino) (Greek, Modern (1453-))
Synonyms: Delphinus coeruleoalbus Meyen, 1833; Stenella styx Gray, 1846; Stenella euphrosyne Gray 1846 

Taxonomic Note: 
The Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) is recognised as a single species worldwide, with subspecies recognized (Committee on Taxonomy 2021). However, the genus Stenella is possibly paraphyletic, and it is likely that the Delphininae will be restructured in coming years (LeDuc et al. 1999, Perrin et al. 2013). 

Red List Status: LC – Least Concern, (IUCN version 3.1) 

Assessment Information

Assessors: Plön, S.,¹ & da Silva, J.² 

Reviewer: Purdon, J.³,⁴ 

Institutions: ¹University of Cape Town, ²South African National Biodiversity Institute, ³TUT Nature Conservation, ⁴Whale Unit, University of Pretoria 

Previous Assessors: Plön, S., Relton, C. & Cockcroft, V. 

Previous Reviewers: Atkins, S. & Child, M.F. 

Previous Contributors: Elwen, S., Findlay, K. & Meÿer, M. 

Assessment Rationale 

Stenella species have not been well studied in the assessment region and population size and trend estimates are unavailable. However, periodic, but regular strandings suggest that there is no major population decline of these species. Additionally, Pantropical Spotted and Spinner Dolphins are abundant in the Indian Ocean. Although general pelagic threats may apply and annual takes of Stenella species occur in regions outside of the assessment region, no major threats were identified for these species; thus they are not considered conservation priorities. However, the potential emerging threat of a drift-net fishery requires monitoring. The listing as Least Concern is retained for S. attenuata, S. coeruleoalba and S. longirostris.

Regional population effects: No barriers to dispersal of these species have been identified, thus rescue effects are possible. 

Reasons for Change 

Reason(s) for Change in Red List Category from the Previous Assessment: No change 

Red List Index 

Red List Index: No change 

Recommended citation: Plön S & da Silva JM. 2025. A conservation assessment of Stenella coeruleoalba. In Patel T, Smith C, Roxburgh L, da Silva JM & Raimondo D, editors. The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Eswatini and Lesotho. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.

Regional Distribution and occurrence

Geographic Range

Generally, Stenella species occur in tropical and subtropical waters, but the extent of their range is poorly known in many regions (Moreno et al. 2005). The Striped Dolphin has a broad distribution from tropical and warm temperate regions of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, extending from about 50°N to 40°S (Jefferson et al. 2008). However, extralimital records from the Prince Edward Islands have also been documented. Within the assessment region, its distribution is considered to range in waters deeper than 500 m, from Kosi Bay to Cape Agulhas; although, strandings have been recorded from Mozambique (Tofo Beach: 23°50’S; Ross 1984) to the Western Cape (Yzerfontein) (Best, 2007). The distribution pattern may be confounded warm-water incursions; when warm-water eddies of the Agulhas Current intrude into cold water and then dissipate, Striped Dolphins that were in that warm water may be unable to survive in cold water and strand further west (e.g. Yzerfontein) than their actual distribution. Off the South African coast, striped dolphins favour water that is 500m or deeper (Findlay et al. 1992). 

Elevation / Depth / Depth Zones 

Elevation Lower Limit (in metres above sea level): (Not specified) 

Elevation Upper Limit (in metres above sea level): (Not specified) 

Depth Lower Limit (in metres below sea level): (Not specified) 

Depth Upper Limit (in metres below sea level): (Not specified) 

Depth Zone: (Not specified) 

Map

Figure 1. Distribution records for Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) within the assessment region (South Africa, Eswatini and Lesotho). Note that distribution data is obtained from multiple sources and records have not all been individually verified.

Biogeographic Realms 

Biogeographic Realm: Afrotropical, Australasian, Indomalayan, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanian, Palearctic 

Occurrence 

Countries of Occurrence 

Country	Presence	Origin	Formerly Bred	Seasonality
Algeria	Extant	Native	–	–
American Samoa	Extant	Native	–	–
Angola	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Anguilla	Extant	Native	–	–
Antigua and Barbuda	Extant	Native	–	–
Argentina	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Aruba	Extant	Native	–	–
Australia	Extant	Native	–	–
Bahamas	Extant	Native	–	–
Bangladesh	Extant	Native	–	–
Barbados	Extant	Native	–	–
Belgium	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Belize	Extant	Native	–	–
Benin	Extant	Native	–	–
Bermuda	Extant	Native	–	–
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	Extant	Native	–	–
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Brazil	Extant	Native	–	–
British Indian Ocean Territory	Extant	Native	–	–
Brunei Darussalam	Extant	Native	–	–
Cabo Verde	Extant	Native	–	–
Cambodia	Extant	Native	–	–
Cameroon	Extant	Native	–	–
Canada	Extant	Native	–	–
Cayman Islands	Extant	Native	–	–
China	Extant	Native	–	–
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Extant	Native	–	–
Colombia	Extant	Native	–	–
Comoros	Extant	Native	–	–
Congo	Extant	Native	–	–
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the	Extant	Native	–	–
Cook Islands	Extant	Native	–	–
Costa Rica	Extant	Native	–	–
Cuba	Extant	Native	–	–
Curaçao	Extant	Native	–	–
Cyprus	Extant	Native	–	–
Côte d’Ivoire	Extant	Native	–	–
Denmark	Extant	Native	–	–
Djibouti	Extant	Native	–	–
Dominica	Extant	Native	–	–
Dominican Republic	Extant	Native	–	–
Ecuador	Extant	Native	–	–
Egypt	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
El Salvador	Extant	Native	–	–
Equatorial Guinea	Extant	Native	–	–
Eritrea	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Ethiopia	Extant	Native	–	–
Fiji	Extant	Native	–	–
France	Extant	Native	–	–
French Guiana	Extant	Native	–	–
French Polynesia	Extant	Native	–	–
Gabon	Extant	Native	–	–
Gambia	Extant	Native	–	–
Germany	Extant	Native	–	–
Gibraltar	Extant	Native	–	–
Greece	Extant	Native	–	–
Greenland	Extant	Native	–	–
Grenada	Extant	Native	–	–
Guadeloupe	Extant	Native	–	–
Guam	Extant	Native	–	–
Guatemala	Extant	Native	–	–
Guinea	Extant	Native	–	–
Guinea-Bissau	Extant	Native	–	–
Guyana	Extant	Native	–	–
Haiti	Extant	Native	–	–
Honduras	Extant	Native	–	–
Hong Kong	Extant	Native	–	–
India	Extant	Native	–	–
Indonesia	Extant	Native	–	–
Iran, Islamic Republic of	Extant	Native	–	–
Iraq	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Ireland	Extant	Native	–	–
Israel	Extant	Native	–	–
Italy	Extant	Native	–	–
Jamaica	Extant	Native	–	–
Japan	Extant	Native	–	–
Kenya	Extant	Native	–	–
Kiribati	Extant	Native	–	–
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Korea, Republic of	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Kuwait	Extant	Native	–	–
Liberia	Extant	Native	–	–
Lithuania	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Madagascar	Extant	Native	–	–
Malaysia	Extant	Native	–	–
Maldives	Extant	Native	–	–
Marshall Islands	Extant	Native	–	–
Martinique	Extant	Native	–	–
Mauritania	Extant	Native	–	–
Mexico	Extant	Native	–	–
Micronesia, Federated States of	Extant	Native	–	–
Monaco	Extant	Native	–	–
Montserrat	Extant	Native	–	–
Morocco	Extant	Native	–	–
Mozambique	Extant	Native	–	–
Myanmar	Extant	Native	–	–
Namibia	Extant	Native	–	–
Nauru	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Netherlands	Extant	Native	–	–
New Caledonia	Extant	Native	–	–
New Zealand	Extant	Native	–	–
Nicaragua	Extant	Native	–	–
Nigeria	Extant	Native	–	–
Niue	Extant	Native	–	–
Northern Mariana Islands	Extant	Native	–	–
Norway	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Oman	Extant	Native	–	–
Pakistan	Extant	Native	–	–
Palau	Extant	Native	–	–
Panama	Extant	Native	–	–
Papua New Guinea	Extant	Native	–	–
Peru	Extant	Native	–	–
Philippines	Extant	Native	–	–
Pitcairn	Extant	Native	–	–
Poland	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Portugal	Extant	Native	–	–
Puerto Rico	Extant	Native	–	–
Qatar	Extant	Native	–	–
Russian Federation	Extant	Native	–	–
Saint Barthélemy	Extant	Native	–	–
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	Extant	Native	–	–
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Extant	Native	–	–
Saint Lucia	Extant	Native	–	–
Saint Martin (French part)	Extant	Native	–	–
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Extant	Native	–	–
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Extant	Native	–	–
Samoa	Extant	Native	–	–
Sao Tome and Principe	Extant	Native	–	–
Saudi Arabia	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Senegal	Extant	Native	–	–
Serbia	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Seychelles	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Sierra Leone	Extant	Native	–	–
Singapore	Extant	Native	–	–
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	Extant	Native	–	–
Slovenia	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Solomon Islands	Extant	Native	–	–
Somalia	Extant	Native	–	–
South Africa	Extant	Native	–	–
Spain	Extant	Native	–	–
Sri Lanka	Extant	Native	–	–
Sudan	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Suriname	Extant	Native	–	–
Sweden	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Taiwan, Province of China	Extant	Native	–	–
Tanzania, United Republic of	Extant	Native	–	–
Thailand	Extant	Native	–	–
Timor-Leste	Extant	Native	–	–
Togo	Extant	Native	–	–
Tonga	Extant	Native	–	–
Trinidad and Tobago	Extant	Native	–	–
Turks and Caicos Islands	Extant	Native	–	–
Tuvalu	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
United Arab Emirates	Extant	Native	–	–
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	Extant	Native	–	–
United States of America	Extant	Native	–	–
Uruguay	Extant	Native	–	–
Vanuatu	Presence Uncertain	Native	–	–
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of	Extant	Native	–	–
Viet Nam	Extant	Native	–	–
Virgin Islands, British	Extant	Native	–	–
Virgin Islands, U.S.	Extant	Native	–	–
Wallis and Futuna	Extant	Native	–	–
Western Sahara	Extant	Native	–	–
Yemen	Extant	Native	–	–

Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) Occurrence 

Large Marine Ecosystems: (Not specified) 

FAO Area Occurrence 

	Presence	Origin	Formerly Bred	Seasonality
21. Atlantic – northwest	Extant	Native	–	–
27. Atlantic – northeast	Extant	Native	–	–
31. Atlantic – western central	Extant	Native	–	–
34. Atlantic – eastern central	Extant	Native	–	–
37. Mediterranean and Black Sea	Extant	Native	–	–
41. Atlantic – southwest	Extant	Native	–	–
47. Atlantic – southeast	Extant	Native	–	–
51. Indian Ocean – western	Extant	Native	–	–
57. Indian Ocean – eastern	Extant	Native	–	–
61. Pacific – northwest	Extant	Native	–	–
67. Pacific – northeast	Extant	Native	–	–
71. Pacific – western central	Extant	Native	–	–
77. Pacific – eastern central	Extant	Native	–	–
81. Pacific – southwest	Extant	Native	–	–
87. Pacific – southeast	Extant	Native	–	–

Climate change

Climate change affects cetaceans through a reduction in prey availability and a shift in the distribution of prey species (Kebke et al. 2022). This in turn results in a change in distribution range of cetaceans. S. coeruleoalba are now regularly sighted in Scottish waters, despite never being recorded before 1988 (Reid et al. 1993). 

In addition to affecting distribution range and abundance, climate change can also impact migration timing and behaviour (Kebke et al. 2022). With the reduction in food availability comes a change in body condition, leading to a decline in reproductive success. However, these impacts are all species-specific. Specific research needs to be carried on the impact of climate change on Striped Dolphins. 

Population

No estimates of abundance are available for Stenella species within the assessment region. A detailed analysis of Striped Dolphin standing records are still pending; however, no change in temporal or geographic trends in the frequency of strandings is expected. Model based estimates of generation time for the Striped Dolphin generation time calculated on sexual maturity is 8–9 years, longevity was calculated at 42 years and a calving interval of 2–3 years was recorded (Kroese 1993).

Current population trend: Unknown  

Continuing decline in mature individuals: Unknown  

Number of mature individuals in population: Unknown  

Number of mature individuals in largest subpopulation: Unknown 

Number of subpopulations: Unknown  

Severely fragmented: No 

Extreme fluctuations in the number of subpopulations: (Not specified) 

Continuing decline in number of subpopulations: (Not specified) 

All individuals in one subpopulation: (Not specified) 

Quantitative Analysis 

Probability of extinction in the wild within 3 generations or 10 years, whichever is longer, maximum 100 years: (Not specified) 

Probability of extinction in the wild within 5 generations or 20 years, whichever is longer, maximum 100 years: (Not specified) 

Probability of extinction in the wild within 100 years: (Not specified) 

Population Genetics

Most of the genetic information known about S. coeruleoalba comes from studies of Mediterranean specimens and their relationship with their Northeast Atlantic conspecifics.  These studies have found strong evidence that Mediterranean striped dolphins form a different subpopulation, with very limited gene flow across the Strait of Gibraltar (Garcia-Martinex et al. 1999; Valsecchi et al. 2004; Gkafas et al. 2017), and that further genetic substructuring exists within the Mediterranean (e.g., Gaspari et al. 2019). While no study has looked into the genetic structuring within and beyond the assessment region, it is possible striped dolphins off South Africa represent a distinct subpopulation (Best 2007); however, this would need to be explicitly investigated ideally using fine molecular markers.  

Given the available information, one of two genetic diversity indicators can be quantified. It is assumed that all populations of the species within the assessment region exist (regardless of whether there is one or more), hence the proportion of populations maintained (PM) indicator is 1.0. The proportion of populations with an effective population size greater than 500 cannot be quantified at this time. 

Habitats and ecology

Stenella species are relatively small dolphins, often inhabiting coastal and offshore tropical and subtropical waters, with distributions that overlap in many portions of their range (Moreno et al. 2005). Stenella coeruleoalba prefer pelagic warm temperate and tropical zones, only roaming close to the shore where deep waters approach the coast (Van Waerebeek et al. 1999). In South African waters, this species is primarily oceanic, preferring deep waters (> 1,000 m) beyond the continental shelf, and is commonly associated with the warm Agulhas Current (Ross 1984). Group size of schools off South Africa ranged from 4–5 individuals to “several hundred” (Ross 1984), with an average of 126 animals (Conry 2012). Gambell et al. (1975) recorded groups of between 20 and 500 individuals in the southwest Indian Ocean, averaging at 122.6. Furthermore, Striped Dolphins may form mixed schools with other dolphin species, such as Common (Delphinus spp), Pantropical Spotted and Dusky Dolphins (Best 2007). The diet of S. coeruleoalba comprises principally of small pelagic and benthopelagic fish species, including laternfish, cod and squid (Wurtz & Marrale 1993; Hassani et al. 1997; Archer 2002). The stomach contents of 15 South African stranded individuals revealed diets consisting mostly of cephalopods and Myctophid fish, specifically the lanternfish, and Hygophum (Ross 1984). Sekiguchi et al. (1992) found the remains of 11 species of cephalopods (especially Loligo vulgaris reynaudii and Sthenoteuthis spp.) and six fish species (mostly hake Merluccius spp., Atlantic Horse Mackerel Trachurus trachurus capensis, and Myctophids) in the stomachs of 11 individuals.

Kroese (1993) found that Striped Dolphin calves are born at body lengths of about 1.0 m (although males are somewhat larger than females), following a gestation period of 13.4 months. The lactation period lasts approximately 16.5 months, and generally a period of 2–3 years occurs between calving (Miyazaki 1984; Kroese 1993). Ross (1984) recorded that female South African Striped Dolphins reached sexual maturity at 2.1 m, and males at 2.1–2.2 m, which corresponds to 5-13 years in females and 7-15 years in males (Jefferson et al. 2008). Maximum lifespan of this species in southern African waters was estimated at 47 years for males and 42 years for females (Kroese 1993).

IUCN Habitats Classification Scheme 

Habitat	Season	Suitability	Major Importance?
9.1. Marine Neritic -> Marine Neritic – Pelagic	–	Marginal	–
10.1. Marine Oceanic -> Marine Oceanic – Epipelagic (0-200m)	–	Suitable	Yes
10.2. Marine Oceanic -> Marine Oceanic – Mesopelagic (200-1000m)	–	Suitable	Yes

Life History 

Generation Length: (Not specified) 

Age at Maturity: Female or unspecified: 13 – 18 years 

Age at Maturity: Male: 15 – 20 

Size at Maturity (in cms): Female: (Not specified) 

Size at Maturity (in cms): Male: (Not specified) 

Longevity: 45 – 46 years 

Average Reproductive Age: (Not specified) 

Maximum Size (in cms): (Not specified) 

Size at Birth (in cms): 93 – 98 cm 

Gestation Time: (Not specified) 

Reproductive Periodicity: (Not specified) 

Average Annual Fecundity or Litter Size: (Not specified) 

Natural Mortality: (Not specified) 

Does the species lay eggs? No 

Does the species give birth to live young: Yes 

Does the species exhibit parthenogenesis: (Not specified) 

Does the species have a free-living larval stage? No 

Does the species require water for breeding? Yes 

Movement Patterns 

Movement Patterns: (Not specified) 

Congregatory: (Not specified) 

Systems 

System: Marine 

General Use and Trade Information

There is no trade of these species within South Africa, although in certain regions Stenella spp. are hunted for food and as bait for fisheries. 

Subsistence:	Rationale:	Local Commercial:	Further detail including information on economic value if available:
Yes	–	–	–

National Commercial Value: Yes 

International Commercial Value: No 

End Use	Subsistence	National	International	Other (please specify)
1. Food – human	true	true	–	–
2. Food – animal	true	–	–	–

Is there harvest from captive/cultivated sources of this species? (Not specified) 

Harvest Trend Comments: (Not specified) 

Threats

Similar to other Stenella species, accidental bycatch in pelagic fishing gear has been identified as a threat to Striped Dolphins in other regions (Hammond et al. 2008). Net fisheries in the western Indian Ocean (including drift net fisheries south of Madagascar) may prove to be an emerging, undocumented threat to this species, specifically within pelagic trawls or purse-seine fisheries. As an extension to the assessment by Cockcroft and Krohn (1994), an up-to-date assessment of the potentially dangerous pelagic fisheries off the coasts of Africa may be necessary. Striped Dolphins have also been intermittently recorded entangled in shark nets off the coast off KwaZulu-Natal, but this is unlikely to have any major effect on abundance (Cockcroft 1990).

Since the 19th century, Striped Dolphins have been directly exploited in Japanese waters, in fact, at least 10,000 individuals were caught each year between 1942 and 1953, and approximately 14,000 were taken annually between the late 1950s and early 1960s (Kasuya & Miyazaki 1982). Catches declined during the 1980s and 1990s, and between 1989 and 1993, the average annual catch was 1,028 individuals (Perrin et al. 1994). 

The species has also been documented to be affected by ship strikes at locally noticeable levels (Schoeman et al. 2020). 

Current habitat trend: Declining, due to increasing competition with pelagic fisheries for prey resources. 

Conservation

No species-specific conservation initiatives have been identified for Stenella species within the assessment region, although S. attenuata, S. coeruleoalba and S. longirostris are all listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and are protected by national legislation under the Marine Living Resources Act (No. 18 of 1998).

Ship-based sighting surveys are recommended for the assessment region to determine general abundance, seasonality and distribution of Stenella species, and the pelagic zone of the temperate Agulhas Current should be specifically targeted. Additionally, investigations into the severity of threats and possible mitigation measures (including the use of alternative fishing gear technologies) associated with pelagic trawl, gillnet and purse-seine fisheries are required for these species. In response to the negative effects associated with fisheries bycatch of other dolphin species, Buscaino et al. (2009) suggest a collaborative response towards sustainable exploitation of oceanic resources, a decrease in the intensity of marine extraction and the establishment of protected areas.

Recommendations for managers and practitioners: 

• Accurate bycatch assessments in the pelagic trawl, gillnet and purse-seine fisheries. 
• Enforce regulations associated with deep water fisheries, including bycatch mitigation efforts. 
• Sightings data should be recorded during systematic monitoring of other marine species. 

Research priorities: 

• Basic life history parameters, population size, structure and trends within the assessment region. 
• Bycatch assessments in pelagic fisheries, including a specific reassessment of the western Indian Ocean fisheries. 
• Taxonomic resolution of the Stenella genus. 
• Distribution and the identification of core concentration regions of these species within South African waters. 
• The impact of climate change on Striped Dolphins. 

Encouraged citizen actions: 

• Use information dispensed by the South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative (SASSI) to make good choices when buying fish in shops and restaurants, e.g. wwfsa.mobi, FishMS 0794998795. 
• Report sightings on virtual museum platforms (for example, iNaturalist and MammalMAP) to help with mapping geographical distribution.  
• Report any stranding reports to the relevant local authorities. 

Bibliography

Archer, F. I. 2002. Striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba. In: W. F. Perrin, B. Wersig and J. G. M. Thewissen (eds), Encyclopedia of marine mammals, pp. 1201-1203. Academic Press. 

Archer, F. I. and Perrin, W. F. 1999. Stenella coeruleoalba. Mammalian Species 603: 1-9. 

Barlow, J. 1984. Reproductive seasonality in pelagic dolphins (Stenella spp.): implications for measuring rates. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue) 6: 191-198. 

Best, P. B. 2007. Whales and Dolphins of the Southern African Subregion. Cambridge University Press, Cape Town. 338pp. 

Buscaino, G., Buffa, G., Sara, G., Bellante, A., Tonello, Jr. A.J., Hardt, F.A.S., Cremer, M.J., Bonanno, A., Cuttitta, A. and Mazzola, S. 2009. Pinger affects fish catch efficiency and damage to bottom gill nets related to bottlenose dolphins. Fisheries Science 75: 537-544. 

Cockcroft, V. G. and Krohn, R. 1994. Passive gear fisheries of the southwestern Indian and southeastern Atlantic oceans: an assessment of their possible impact on cetaceans. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 15: 317-328. 

Conry, D. 2012. Sexual dimorphism and geographic variation in striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) crania along the coast of South Africa. BSc Honors thesis. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.  37pp. 

DeMaster, D. P., C. W. Fowler, S. L. Perry and M. F. Richlen. 2001. Predation and competition: the impact of fisheries on marine mammal populations over the next one hundred years. Journal of Mammalogy 82(3): 641-651. 

Dolar, M. L. L., Walker, W. A., Kooyman, G. L. and Perrin, W. F. 2003. Comparative feeding ecology of spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) and Fraser’s dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei) in the Sulu Sea. Marine Mammal Science 19(1): 1-19. 

Donahue, M. A. and Edwards, E. F. 1996. An annotated bibliography of available literature regarding cetacean interactions with tuna purse seine fisheries outside of the eastern tropical Pacific. Southwest Fisheries Science Center Administrative Report 96-20: 46 pp. 

Findlay KP, Best PB, Ross GJB, Cockcroft VG. 1992. The distribution of small odontocete cetaceans off the coasts of South Africa and Namibia. South African Journal of Marine Science 12: 237-270. 

Fitch JE, Brownell RL. 1968. Fish otoliths in cetacean stomachs and their importance in interpreting feeding habits. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada 25: 2561–2574. 

Fraser FC, Noble BA. 1970. Variation of pigmentation in Meyer’s dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyer). Investigations on Cetacea 2: 147–164. 

Gambell R, Best PB, Rice DW. 1975. Report on the International Indian Ocean whale marking cruise, 24th Nov 1973 – 3rd Feb 1974. Reports of the International Whaling Commission. 

Hall MA, Boyer SD. 1989. Estimates of incidental mortality of dolphins in the eastern Pacific fishery for tropical tunas in 1987. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 39: 321–322. 

Hall MA, Lennert C. 1997. Incidental mortality of dolphins in the eastern Pacific Ocean tuna fishery in 1995. Report of the International Whaling Commission 47: 641–644. 

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