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Conserving the African Penguin is critical for South Africa’s economy and reputation: Report
By Lauren Waller (Regional Planning Coordinator, ewt) and Eleanor Momberg (Communications manager, ewt)
Conserving the African Penguin protects South Africa’s biodiversity and economy, with colonies valued at up to R4.5 billion annually.
Conserving the African Penguin: A National Priority for South Africa
The urgent mission of conserving the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) represents both an ecological necessity and economic opportunity for South Africa. A groundbreaking 2024 report by the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) and Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment reveals these endemic birds contribute between R1.9-4.5 billion annually through tourism, media, and existence value – while their population has plummeted 98% since the 1900s to just 8,324 breeding pairs in 2023.
Why Penguins Matter
Global reputation: South Africa is moral custodian of this IUCN Endangered species
Economic value:
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Tourism: Boulders Beach colony alone generated R535-R2,273 million in 2023
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Existence value: Capetonians willing to pay R551-731 million/year for conservation
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Media: Films like Penguin Town bring R2.9 million annual value
Threats Requiring Systemic Solutions
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Food shortages: Declining sardine/anchovy stocks from overfishing
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Habitat loss: Historical guano harvesting destroyed nesting sites
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Ocean noise: Increased shipping disrupts feeding
“This isn’t just an environmental issue,” stresses the report. “Losing penguins would damage South Africa’s international brand as a conservation leader.”
Path Forward
The study recommends:
- Ecosystem-based fisheries management
- Expanded marine protected areas
- Public-private conservation partnerships
- Policy reforms honouring UN biodiversity commitments
With colonies now concentrated at just seven sites (Western/Eastern Cape), demanding urgent, coordinated action to protect both the species and the coastal economies it supports.